Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Potassium Lithium Hydrogen Phthalate Mixed Crystals
Potassium Lithium Hydrogen Phthalate Mixed Crystals 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SECTION 3.1 Synthesis, growth, structure and characterization of potassium lithium hydrogen phthalate mixed crystals* In the present work, we report the growth and structure of a new mixed crystal C16H16KLiO11 (PLHP), which crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group P21 and SHG-active. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization studies which are briefly described below. Here it is established that by synthesising the mixed crystal in a different route with a controlled concentration of additive, one can sustain nonlinearity at the macro level by allowing the specimen to crystallise in a polar space group. The main objective of the investigation is to design a noncentrosymmetric structure by attempting a different route of synthesis, leading to NLO activity. Steering to noncentrosymmetry from centrosymmetry is made possible by changing the growth conditions. 3.1.1. Crystal growth The mixed crystal PLHP was synthesized from an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of AR grade potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) in slightly acidic conditions using de-ionized water. After successive recrystallization, the mixed crystals were grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystallization took place within 20-25 d and the crystals were harvested. Photographs of as- grown crystals are shown in Fig. 3.1.1. Fig. 3.1.1. Photographs of mixed crystal PLHP 3.1.2. FT-IR The FT-IR spectrum of the as-grown specimen is shown in Fig.3.1.2. An absorption band in the region 500-900 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H out of plane deformations of aromatic ring. The C=O stretching frequency appeared at 1670 cm-1. The characteristic vibrational patterns of KHP104, lithium hydrogen phthalate (LiHP) 22 and PLHP are given in Table 3.1.2. A slight shift of some of the characteristic vibrational frequencies could be due to the stress development because of Li incorporation. Fig. 3.1.2. FT–IR spectrum of mixed crystal PLHP Table 3.1.2. FT-IR frequencies of some acid phthalate crystals (cm-1) aRef 105 bRef 22 c Present study 3.1.3. TGA/DTA Thermal studies reveal the purity of the material. The TGA curve shows a single stage weight loss at à ¯Ã‚  ¾150o C due to loss of water molecule. In DTA, the broad endothermic peak at 420 °C, is due to decomposition. The residual mass observed from thermogram at 600 °C is ~50%. (Fig. 3.1.3). 3.1.4. SEM / EDS The SEM micrographs give information about the surface morphology and it is used to check the imperfections105. The SEM pictures of PLHP at different magnifications are shown in Fig. 3.1.4.1. It shows highest surface roughness in a plate like structure, due to defect centers and crystal voids. The presence of Li and K in the PLHP crystal lattice is confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (Fig. 3.1.4.2). Fig. 3.1.4.2. EDS spectrum of PLHP 3.1.5. AAS and CHN analysis Atomic absorption spectroscopic studies were carried out to quantify Li (20.6 ppm) and K (21. ppm ) in the sample. Also, CHN elemental analysis was performed to estimate the quantity of carbon and hydrogen present in PLHP. The elemental composition found was: C 42.93%, H 3.29%. The calculated composition was: C 44.63%, H 3.7%. 3.1.6. UV-visible The UV-visible spectrum of the mixed crystal PLHP reveals high transmittance in the visible region and the lower cut-off wave length is observed at ~300 nm. Incorporation of foreign metal ion into the KHP crystal lattice does not destroy the optical transmission of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The concentration of an absorbing species can be determined using the Kubelka-Munk equation106 correlating reflectance and concentration, F(R) = (1-R)2 / 2R = ÃŽ ± / s=Ac / s where F(R) is Kubelka-Munk function, R is the reflectance of the crystal, ÃŽ ± is absorption coefficient, s is scattering coefficient, A is absorbance and c is concentration of the absorbing species. The direct band-gap energy of the specimen is estimated as 4.05 eV, from the Tauc plot [F(R)hÃŽ ½]2 versus hÃŽ ½ (eV) (Fig. 3.1.6). Fig. 3.1.6. Tauc plot (Direct Band gap energy) 3.1.7 X-ray diffraction analysis The powder XRD pattern of PLHP shows that the sample is of a single phase without a detectable impurity. Narrow peaks indicate the good crystallinity of the material. At room temperature all the observed reflections were indexed. The indexed powder XRD pattern is shown in Fig. 3.1.7.1. Peak positions in powder XRD match with simulated XRD patterns from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The relative intensity variations could be due to the preferred orientation of the sample used for diffractogram measurement. Also, the mosaic spread of powder and single crystal patterns may differ, resulting in intensity variations. The structure of PLHP is elucidated and the ORTEP is given as Fig. 3.1.7.2. Three-dimensional view of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions is displayed in Fig. 3.1.7.3. The chemical formula C16H16KLiO11 confirms the presence of K and Li in the crystalline matrix, well supported by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The specimen crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the noncentrosymmetric space group P21. The crystallographic parameters of PLHP, KHP, LiKP and LiHP are listed in Table 3.1.7.1. Fig.3.1.7.1. Experimental (red) and simulated (blue) powder XRD patterns Fig.3.1.7.2. ORTEP of PLHP Fig.3.1.7.3. Three dimensional view of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (OHà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O) Table 3.1.7.1. Crystal data of LiHP, KHP, LiKP and PLHP crystals The alkali ions are linked to each other by O–Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O hydrogen bonds through the carboxylate oxygen. The O atoms of the carboxylate group (in phthalate ions) namely O(1)-O(8) are connected to K1, while the lithium ions are connected with central metal ion via O(5)-O(6), O atoms of the water molecules. The K-O bond distances range from 2.8311 (19) to 3.207 (8) Ã…, which is higher than bond distances observed in potassium hydrogen phthalate monohydrate 2.305 (1) –2.597 (1) Ã…. The Li–O bond distances lie in the range 1.956 (3)–1.968 (3) Ã…. The aromatic C-C bond distances fall in the range 1.377 (3) –1.485 (2) Ã…. The four carboxy C-O distances are almost same and the values are close to that observed for potassium hydrogen phthalate monohydrate107 and sodium acid phthalate108. In LiKP, O(4)–K(1) bond distance lies at 2.7491 Ã… whereas in our present study, the O(4)–K(1) bond dist ance is 2.7671 Ã…. The selected bond angles and bond lengths are given in Table 3.1.7.2. Crystal packing with hydrogen bonding interactions along the b-axis is given in Fig. 3.1.7.4. Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions are O(2)-H(2)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(11) and O(5)-H(5B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(3) assembled with distances of 1.77 and 1.86 Ã… respectively (Fig. 3.1.7.5). Weak intermolecular interactions are observed for O(7)-H(7B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(10), O(7)-H(7B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(11) and O(5)-H(5B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(1), with bond distances of 2.41 (2), 2.46 (3) and 3.25 (4) Ã… respectively (Table 3.1.7.3.). Table 3.1.7.2. Selected bond lengths (Ã…) and angles (o) of PLHP Table 3.1.7.3. Hydrogen bonds geometry for PLHP [Ã…, o] Fig. 3.1.7.5. Three dimensional image of polyhedron with O-Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O interactions 3.1.8. SHG efficiency In order to confirm the influence of incorporation of lithium on the NLO properties of KHP the pure and mixed crystals were subjected to SHG test with an input radiation of 6.5 mJ/pulse. The outputs give the relative SHG efficiencies of the measured specimens. As seen, the SHG activity of the mixed crystal is comparable with that of KHP (Fig. 3.1.8) and it is quite likely due to the facile charge transfer, not disturbed by Li-incorporation. Although many materials have been identified that have higher molecular nonlinearities, the attainment of second-order effects requires favourable alignment of the molecule within the crystal109. It has been reported that the SHG can be greatly enhanced by altering the molecular alignment through inclusion complexation110. The mixed crystal PLHP grown from an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of reactants crystallize in a noncentrosymmetric space group P21 and SHG-active, whereas when Li is taken in excess in the growth medium the f ormed mixed crystal LiKP crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group P1 and hence SHG-inactive29. It is interesting to observe that the mixed crystal of KHP synthesized by a different route crystallises in a polar space group. By changing the growth conditions it is possible to attain noncentrosymmetry in preference to centrosymmetry, a required characteristic of an NLO material. Fig. 3.1.8. The comparative SHG oscilloscope traces of the powder samples of KHP (red) and PLHP (blue) 3.1.9. Hirshfeld surface analysis The Hirshfeld surfaces of PLHP have been demonstrated in Fig. 3.1.9.1 by showing dnorm, shape index, de and di. The Hirshfeld surface111-113 surrounding a molecule is defined by points where the contribution to the electron density from the molecule under consideration is equal to the contribution from all the other molecules. For each point on that isosurface, two distances are determined: one is de representing the distance from the point to the nearest nucleus external to the surface and second one is di, representing the distance to the nearest nucleus internal to the surface. The normalized contact distance (dnorm) is based on both de and di. The surfaces are shown as transparent to allow visualization of the molecule around which they were calculated. The circular depressions (deep red) which are visible on the Hirshfeld surface are an indicator of hydrogen bonding contacts and other visible spots in Fig. 3.1.9.1a are due to Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Li ( 3.6%), Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (14.5%), Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (15.9%), Kà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (2.0%) and Lià ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (3.5%) interactions. The short interactions represented by deep red spots in de surface (Fig.3.1.9.1c) are Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Li contacts (3.6%). The dominant Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (14.5%), Lià ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (3.5%) and Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (31.7%) interactions are viewed in di surface plots by the bright red area in Fig. 3.1.9.1d. The shape index indicates the shape of the electron density surface around the molecular interactions. The small range of area and light color on the surface represent a weaker and longer contact other than hydrogen bonds. The two-dimensional fingerprint plots114 of PLHP exemplify the strong evidenc e for the intermolecular interactions pattern. In the fingerprint region (Fig. 3.1.9.3), Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (15.9%) interactions are represented by a spike in the bottom area whereas the Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (14.5%) interactions are represented by a spike in the top left region. Hydrogen-hydrogen interactions Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (31.7%) are very high while compared to the other bonding interactions. Sharp curved spike at the bottom left area indicates the Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Li (3.6%) and top left corner with curved spike indicates the Lià ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (3.5%). The finger print at the bottom right area represents Cà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (11.7%) interactions and top right area represents Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢C (8.7%) interactions. The number of interactions in terms of percent age are represented in a pie chart in Fig. 3.1.9.2. Fig.3.1.9.1. Hirshfeld surface analysis of PLHP (a) dnorm (b) shape index (c) de (d) di Fig. 3.1.9.2. Relative contribution of various intermolecular interactions in PLHP Fig. 3.1.9.3. Fingerprint plots of PLHP 1
Sunday, January 19, 2020
The Rumba Dance Essay examples -- Afro-Cuban, Cuba
The rumba is a dance that rivets its image on the mind. Holding much history, it has been and is a dance of oppositions: love and hate, hostility and harmony, sensuality and prudence. Musically, it taps into the realms of technicality and improvisation. The dance and music is a marvel, leaving a lusty taste in its trail so that a natural tendency towards it never fades. The origins of the rumba stem from Africa. The steps and song of traditional rumba may have begun as remembered pieces of dance from the Ganga or Kisi people in Cuba, generalized groups of West Central African descent. Some prospect that the Sara peoples of northern Nigeria are the originators of rumba, a similar dance is of rows of boys in front of rows of girls, approaching one another in movement and then separating. In present-day Zaire, a traditional BaKongo dance called vane samba appears to directly link to rumba’s progenitors. A characteristic highlight occurs when the bodies of a dancing pair meet, or almost meet at the navel. This movement mirrors the rumba’s vacunao, a prominent feature in some forms of rumba. The name rumba possibly derives from the Spanish language, the word rumbo translates to route, rumba translates to heap pile, and rum is of course the liquor popular in the Caribbean. Any of these words might have been used descriptively when the dance was being formed. The name has most often been claimed to be derived from the Spanish word for carousel, or festival. Rumba developed in the 1850s and 1860s among free black slaves gathered to express their struggles with one another. Following the abolition of slavery in Cuba in 1886, poor Cubans dealt with a society still emphasizing color and class, by... ...national dance. As a native Afro-Cuban simply put, â€Å"This will never die. Nothing can stop it†(Farr 80). Works Cited Pà ©rez Jr., Louis A. On Becoming Cuban. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Daniel, Yvonne. Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Farr, Jory. Rites of Rhythm. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. Shepherd, Verene A., and Hilary McD. Beckles., ed Caribbean slavery in the Atlantic world. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, Oxford: James Currey, Princeton, NJ: M. Weiner, 2000. Moore, Robin Dale. Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1935. Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9534899. Roy, Maya. Cuban Music. Trans. Denise Asfar and Gabriel Asfar. London: Latin America Bureau, 2002.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Blood Diamonds Essay
Blood, conflict, illicit, diamonds – the issue has gone global and the world became aware that the innocent girl’s best friend has been tainted by blood and become the worst nightmare for people, including children in some parts of the globe. They call them conflict diamonds because for the past several years the shiny gem has fuelled wars in conflict ridden countries in Africa. According to sources, these diamonds often originate from territories under the control of rebel groups. The profit in selling these diamonds is used to buy small arms and munitions that are used to fight the wars for liberation. They call them blood diamonds because of all the bloodshed the diamonds have caused, because through these diamonds, wars are being fuelled, men women and children get killed, and slavery has found nesting places. Partnership Africa Canada reports that â€Å"upwards of 50,000 [have been] killed, half the population displaced, and more than two-thirds of its already severely limited infrastructure destroyed. †Mining the Diamonds Rebel groups such as the RUF of Sierra Leone and UNITA of Angola, in order to mine blood diamonds enslave civilians in mining camps. They are treated as prisoners and are not paid for their services. What is shocking is that most of these miners are children. The worst of all is that aside from being used as miners, these children are being forced to become soldiers too. Young girls are being raped into submission, while young boys are forced to carry guns and kill elders in order to psychologically control them. Drugs are also being used. Once the children become hooked up to it, their dependence on it will equate to their loyalty to the movement. The rough diamonds that are mined are then sold into the black market. Struggling for Social Justice After the world has become witness to the horrors of the mining camps in Africa, a lot of activities have gone through. Celebrities, Organizations, special interest groups – all want to be involved in fighting the war against blood diamonds. In 2000, the World Diamond Congress adopted the Kimberly Process, which is mainly a system of tracing whether a diamond being sold in the market is not a conflict diamond or not. Groups such as Amnesty USA and Stopblood diamonds. org have posted blogspots in the net to keep the bigger part of the globe aware and updated regarding the issue. The Belgian government has been very keen on its local diamond dealers. At blooddiamonds. com, the organized efforts of the Belgian government can be seen. Even celebrities have joined the cause. Leonard de Caprio starred in the movie Blood Diamond in order to reach the pop culture. Kanye West’s song ‘Blood diamond’ shows his own self conflict with the diamonds. In the line â€Å"See a part of me say keep shinin? ’ How when I know what a blood diamond is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The music video of this song also shows how children are forced to mine the rough diamonds in small dimly lit caves. These and all other efforts are forms mentioned are forms of activism. Whether through the net, newspaper, Hollywood movies, songs, and documentaries, these conscious efforts to actively participate in the struggle to expose and eradicate the conflict diamonds are all forms of activism. Activism as a Solution Activism takes many forms. Different social injustices often require different form of fighting. The blood diamonds in Africa have had activists use the radio, television, news paper and the internet in its struggle. But aside from these forms, it may also be useful to look into other ways that other political activists have used. One example of which are the Yes Men. They use guerilla performances and impersonate big corporations. Through their media hoaxing and socio political pranks, the group has humiliated the big corporations and the new masters of the world, thus exposing them to the masses. Once in a Wharton Business School Conference, they posed as representatives of the World Trade Organization, and announced that WTO proposes â€Å"full private stewardry of labor†in Africa. This means formal slavery of laborers by private organizations. One Yesmen member posing as Hanniford Schmidt addressed that â€Å"This is what free trade is all about†¦It’s about freedom to buy and sell everything, even people. †Clearly these are not what we read in books or what the media reports when they talk about the WTO. But through the guerilla tactics of posing as real representatives of big corporations and significant political players, the Yesmen expose these people and in a way educate the masses of the sad realities that happen. Another activist worthy of looking at is award winning journalist Naomi Klein. Her book â€Å"The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism†, critiques globalization and new age capitalism and how these cause social injustices in the world. These two activists that battle it out with the mammoths of politics and business allows the world to look into a deeper level about what is behind the social injustices that plague the world. Aside from directly battling the issue of conflict diamonds, the bigger issue can be brought up which cause these more specific social injustices. These activists trace the root of the problem as to why injustices happen throughout the world, especially in third world countries. African countries aren’t poor because they are simply poor. What are the causes of these phenomenons? Marx’s dialectical materialism urges the people to engage in knowing the truths through investigating the objective conditions and identifying the roots that cause events. If there are political conflicts in Africa, what then causes these? If there are no conflicts, then there would be no need for blood diamonds in the first place; outside of the mining camps and warlords running these camps, who else are involved in the blood diamond business? Clearly, there has to be buyers of rough diamonds. Aren’t these buyers the big corporations that polish and sell the end product diamonds? Another thing we can learn about Marx is his critique on capitalism in the Communist Manifesto. He urges the masses to join in the revolution of overthrowing the current socioeconomic structure because it is a necessity for this structure is no longer suitable to our generation. Capitalism has brought about new social classes that will always be in conflict with each other. Capitalism does not balance the equation of labor and production. If labor is equal to the end product, then a laborer should be entitled to the total profit of his labor. But through capitalism, the owner of the capital has a cut in the final profit therefore, diminishing the returns to the laborer. Most of the times, the laborers are even abused. According to Marx this equation will never be balanced out unless the capitalist is eradicated and the management of the distribution of labor and wealth be done in a collective manner. The capitalists in the blood diamond trade are the root causes of the social injustice and through education of the masses this would help in bringing down this injustice. The Numbers Different organizations report different numbers on the amount of conflict diamonds that enter the market. According to worldfacts. org, only 1% now remains. But if the independent blog spots sponsored by activists groups, there is still a big 15% that remains. Washington post acknowledges that these two numbers may both be true, it just depends on the definition of what conflict diamonds are. But the sad fact remains that may it be 15 or 1, still, there is that percentage which means conflict diamonds are still being mined and that somewhere, in a dimly lit cave in Africa, blood is being used to fuel the laborers that fuel the unending conflicts that plague their nations. Another sad irony is that these diamond mining companies are among the poorest in the world. From here we ask the question, where then does the profit from these precious gems go? Clearly not to the hands that dug them from the earth. References Afanansyev V. G. (1987). Historical Materialism. International Publishers. Brown, P. P. (December 13, 2005). Blood Diamonds. Retrieved on May 17, 2009 from http://www. worldpress. org/Africa/2193. cfm Conflictdiamonds. com. (2005). Progress Reports. Retrieved on May 17, 2009, from http://www. conflictdiamonds. com/pages/reports Diamondfacts. org. Diamond Facts. Retrieved May 17, 2009 from http://www. diamondfacts. org Duke, L. (2006). Blood Diamonds, A River or a Droplet?. Retrieved May 17, 2009 from Washingtonpost. com History Channel. (2006) Blood Diamonds. Retrieved on May 17, 2009, from www. history. com/thc_Blood _diamonds_pressrelease. pdf Marx, Karl. (1888). The Communist Manifesto. Naomiklein. org. (2007). About Naomi Klein. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http://www. naomiklein. org/meet-naomi The Yesmen. (June 2007). WTO Proposes Slavery for Afirca. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http://theyesmen. org/en/hijinks/wharton. UnitedNations. (march 21, 2001). Conflict Diamonds : Sanctions and War. Retrieved May 17, 2009, from www. un. org.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Faith Vs. Fanaticism - 1774 Words
Formal Paper #1: Faith vs. Fanaticism The story of Genesis 22 is a famous example of a test of faith. In this story, Abraham is instructed by God to offer his son Isaac an offering. In the end of the story, an angel stops Abraham and he is rewarded with many descendants for his display of faith. Many people today have taken this story too literally. There have been several reports of parents harming their children in the name of God. These modern-day acts of attempted homicide are not acts of faith but acts of fanaticism. Genesis 22 was intended to be a story about a trial of faith. God promised Abraham that if he had faith in Him, he would be provided a son. Abraham was doubtful of God’s promise and wondered â€Å"Can a child be born to a†¦show more content†¦God is pleased with Abraham’s dedication to Him and tells Abraham â€Å"I will indeed bless you and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore †(Gen. 22:17). Abraham was able to meet his ultimate concern through God. God wanted to be sure that Abraham was worthy of ultimate fulfillment so He tested his faith and, after He was satisfied, gave Abraham ultimate fulfillment. As Paul Tillich stated in Dynamics of Faith â€Å"â€Å"In true faith, the ultimate concern is a concern about the truly ultimate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (13). To the deeply religious nothing is more ultimate than God. In the past few years, people have taken this story too literally. A woman from Montgomery was recently imprisoned for attempting homicide on her three daughters. She believed that her children needed to be pure to because â€Å"her husband, Vaughn Christensen, had left messages on the phone telling his wife that the world was ending and that she needed to prepare the family to meet Jesus†(Wurst 2014). This story differs from Genesis because the woman not only actually harmed her children, but was never contacted by God in the first place. She acted on her based on her own thoughts and the words of her husband. God did not intervene in this crime because he was not involved in any way with this woman. Because of this woman’s fantasy that the world was ending three children were severely injured and probably emotionally damaged for life. Their own motherShow MoreRelatedGothic Horror : The Epic Battle Of Good Versus Evil2409 Words  | 10 Pagesun-earthly and nonreligious and is against the power of Christ. Dracula is also a strong connection to religion. He wasn’t always evil. In reference to religion MacArthur says â€Å"When fanaticism and religion are mixed, we have a very potent and dangerous brew that can sustain itself for centuries unlike non-religious fanaticisms like Nazism and Communism which die out when the ringleaders are defeated. 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The ChurchRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words  | 57 Pagesabout things hypothetically. It involves asking and answering the question, what if...?. †¢ Developing abstract thinking skills. Abstract thinking means thinking about things that cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Examples include things like faith, trust, beliefs and spirituality. †¢ Developing the ability to think about thinking in a process known as meta-cognition. Meta-cognition allows individuals to think about how they feel and what they are thinking. It involves being able to thinkRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words  | 57 Pagesabout things hypothetically. It involves asking and answering the question, what if...?. †¢ Developing abstract thinking skills. Abstract thinking means thinking about things that cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Examples include things like faith, trust, beliefs and spirituality. †¢ Developing the ability to think about thinking in a process known as meta-cognition. Meta-cognition allows individuals to think about how they feel and what they are thinking. It involves being able to thinkRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words  | 316 Pagesmaterial, a photograph of the real world. Only by montage can one pass from photography to cinema, from slavish copy to art. Broadly defined, montage is quite simply inseparable from the composition of the work itself. 4 For the modern reader, a fanaticism, as it must indeed be called, of montage emerges from Eisenstein s great theoretical works, Film Form and The Film Sense. Micha rightly observes that, obsessed by that single idea, the Soviet film-maker saw montage everywhere and extended its boundaries
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