Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Potassium Lithium Hydrogen Phthalate Mixed Crystals
Potassium Lithium Hydrogen Phthalate Mixed Crystals 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SECTION 3.1 Synthesis, growth, structure and characterization of potassium lithium hydrogen phthalate mixed crystals* In the present work, we report the growth and structure of a new mixed crystal C16H16KLiO11 (PLHP), which crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group P21 and SHG-active. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization studies which are briefly described below. Here it is established that by synthesising the mixed crystal in a different route with a controlled concentration of additive, one can sustain nonlinearity at the macro level by allowing the specimen to crystallise in a polar space group. The main objective of the investigation is to design a noncentrosymmetric structure by attempting a different route of synthesis, leading to NLO activity. Steering to noncentrosymmetry from centrosymmetry is made possible by changing the growth conditions. 3.1.1. Crystal growth The mixed crystal PLHP was synthesized from an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of AR grade potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) in slightly acidic conditions using de-ionized water. After successive recrystallization, the mixed crystals were grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystallization took place within 20-25 d and the crystals were harvested. Photographs of as- grown crystals are shown in Fig. 3.1.1. Fig. 3.1.1. Photographs of mixed crystal PLHP 3.1.2. FT-IR The FT-IR spectrum of the as-grown specimen is shown in Fig.3.1.2. An absorption band in the region 500-900 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H out of plane deformations of aromatic ring. The C=O stretching frequency appeared at 1670 cm-1. The characteristic vibrational patterns of KHP104, lithium hydrogen phthalate (LiHP) 22 and PLHP are given in Table 3.1.2. A slight shift of some of the characteristic vibrational frequencies could be due to the stress development because of Li incorporation. Fig. 3.1.2. FT–IR spectrum of mixed crystal PLHP Table 3.1.2. FT-IR frequencies of some acid phthalate crystals (cm-1) aRef 105 bRef 22 c Present study 3.1.3. TGA/DTA Thermal studies reveal the purity of the material. The TGA curve shows a single stage weight loss at à ¯Ã‚  ¾150o C due to loss of water molecule. In DTA, the broad endothermic peak at 420 °C, is due to decomposition. The residual mass observed from thermogram at 600 °C is ~50%. (Fig. 3.1.3). 3.1.4. SEM / EDS The SEM micrographs give information about the surface morphology and it is used to check the imperfections105. The SEM pictures of PLHP at different magnifications are shown in Fig. 3.1.4.1. It shows highest surface roughness in a plate like structure, due to defect centers and crystal voids. The presence of Li and K in the PLHP crystal lattice is confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (Fig. 3.1.4.2). Fig. 3.1.4.2. EDS spectrum of PLHP 3.1.5. AAS and CHN analysis Atomic absorption spectroscopic studies were carried out to quantify Li (20.6 ppm) and K (21. ppm ) in the sample. Also, CHN elemental analysis was performed to estimate the quantity of carbon and hydrogen present in PLHP. The elemental composition found was: C 42.93%, H 3.29%. The calculated composition was: C 44.63%, H 3.7%. 3.1.6. UV-visible The UV-visible spectrum of the mixed crystal PLHP reveals high transmittance in the visible region and the lower cut-off wave length is observed at ~300 nm. Incorporation of foreign metal ion into the KHP crystal lattice does not destroy the optical transmission of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The concentration of an absorbing species can be determined using the Kubelka-Munk equation106 correlating reflectance and concentration, F(R) = (1-R)2 / 2R = ÃŽ ± / s=Ac / s where F(R) is Kubelka-Munk function, R is the reflectance of the crystal, ÃŽ ± is absorption coefficient, s is scattering coefficient, A is absorbance and c is concentration of the absorbing species. The direct band-gap energy of the specimen is estimated as 4.05 eV, from the Tauc plot [F(R)hÃŽ ½]2 versus hÃŽ ½ (eV) (Fig. 3.1.6). Fig. 3.1.6. Tauc plot (Direct Band gap energy) 3.1.7 X-ray diffraction analysis The powder XRD pattern of PLHP shows that the sample is of a single phase without a detectable impurity. Narrow peaks indicate the good crystallinity of the material. At room temperature all the observed reflections were indexed. The indexed powder XRD pattern is shown in Fig. 3.1.7.1. Peak positions in powder XRD match with simulated XRD patterns from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The relative intensity variations could be due to the preferred orientation of the sample used for diffractogram measurement. Also, the mosaic spread of powder and single crystal patterns may differ, resulting in intensity variations. The structure of PLHP is elucidated and the ORTEP is given as Fig. 3.1.7.2. Three-dimensional view of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions is displayed in Fig. 3.1.7.3. The chemical formula C16H16KLiO11 confirms the presence of K and Li in the crystalline matrix, well supported by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The specimen crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the noncentrosymmetric space group P21. The crystallographic parameters of PLHP, KHP, LiKP and LiHP are listed in Table 3.1.7.1. Fig.3.1.7.1. Experimental (red) and simulated (blue) powder XRD patterns Fig.3.1.7.2. ORTEP of PLHP Fig.3.1.7.3. Three dimensional view of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (OHà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O) Table 3.1.7.1. Crystal data of LiHP, KHP, LiKP and PLHP crystals The alkali ions are linked to each other by O–Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O hydrogen bonds through the carboxylate oxygen. The O atoms of the carboxylate group (in phthalate ions) namely O(1)-O(8) are connected to K1, while the lithium ions are connected with central metal ion via O(5)-O(6), O atoms of the water molecules. The K-O bond distances range from 2.8311 (19) to 3.207 (8) Ã…, which is higher than bond distances observed in potassium hydrogen phthalate monohydrate 2.305 (1) –2.597 (1) Ã…. The Li–O bond distances lie in the range 1.956 (3)–1.968 (3) Ã…. The aromatic C-C bond distances fall in the range 1.377 (3) –1.485 (2) Ã…. The four carboxy C-O distances are almost same and the values are close to that observed for potassium hydrogen phthalate monohydrate107 and sodium acid phthalate108. In LiKP, O(4)–K(1) bond distance lies at 2.7491 Ã… whereas in our present study, the O(4)–K(1) bond dist ance is 2.7671 Ã…. The selected bond angles and bond lengths are given in Table 3.1.7.2. Crystal packing with hydrogen bonding interactions along the b-axis is given in Fig. 3.1.7.4. Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions are O(2)-H(2)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(11) and O(5)-H(5B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(3) assembled with distances of 1.77 and 1.86 Ã… respectively (Fig. 3.1.7.5). Weak intermolecular interactions are observed for O(7)-H(7B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(10), O(7)-H(7B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(11) and O(5)-H(5B)à ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O(1), with bond distances of 2.41 (2), 2.46 (3) and 3.25 (4) Ã… respectively (Table 3.1.7.3.). Table 3.1.7.2. Selected bond lengths (Ã…) and angles (o) of PLHP Table 3.1.7.3. Hydrogen bonds geometry for PLHP [Ã…, o] Fig. 3.1.7.5. Three dimensional image of polyhedron with O-Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O interactions 3.1.8. SHG efficiency In order to confirm the influence of incorporation of lithium on the NLO properties of KHP the pure and mixed crystals were subjected to SHG test with an input radiation of 6.5 mJ/pulse. The outputs give the relative SHG efficiencies of the measured specimens. As seen, the SHG activity of the mixed crystal is comparable with that of KHP (Fig. 3.1.8) and it is quite likely due to the facile charge transfer, not disturbed by Li-incorporation. Although many materials have been identified that have higher molecular nonlinearities, the attainment of second-order effects requires favourable alignment of the molecule within the crystal109. It has been reported that the SHG can be greatly enhanced by altering the molecular alignment through inclusion complexation110. The mixed crystal PLHP grown from an aqueous solution containing equimolar quantities of reactants crystallize in a noncentrosymmetric space group P21 and SHG-active, whereas when Li is taken in excess in the growth medium the f ormed mixed crystal LiKP crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group P1 and hence SHG-inactive29. It is interesting to observe that the mixed crystal of KHP synthesized by a different route crystallises in a polar space group. By changing the growth conditions it is possible to attain noncentrosymmetry in preference to centrosymmetry, a required characteristic of an NLO material. Fig. 3.1.8. The comparative SHG oscilloscope traces of the powder samples of KHP (red) and PLHP (blue) 3.1.9. Hirshfeld surface analysis The Hirshfeld surfaces of PLHP have been demonstrated in Fig. 3.1.9.1 by showing dnorm, shape index, de and di. The Hirshfeld surface111-113 surrounding a molecule is defined by points where the contribution to the electron density from the molecule under consideration is equal to the contribution from all the other molecules. For each point on that isosurface, two distances are determined: one is de representing the distance from the point to the nearest nucleus external to the surface and second one is di, representing the distance to the nearest nucleus internal to the surface. The normalized contact distance (dnorm) is based on both de and di. The surfaces are shown as transparent to allow visualization of the molecule around which they were calculated. The circular depressions (deep red) which are visible on the Hirshfeld surface are an indicator of hydrogen bonding contacts and other visible spots in Fig. 3.1.9.1a are due to Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Li ( 3.6%), Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (14.5%), Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (15.9%), Kà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (2.0%) and Lià ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (3.5%) interactions. The short interactions represented by deep red spots in de surface (Fig.3.1.9.1c) are Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Li contacts (3.6%). The dominant Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (14.5%), Lià ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (3.5%) and Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (31.7%) interactions are viewed in di surface plots by the bright red area in Fig. 3.1.9.1d. The shape index indicates the shape of the electron density surface around the molecular interactions. The small range of area and light color on the surface represent a weaker and longer contact other than hydrogen bonds. The two-dimensional fingerprint plots114 of PLHP exemplify the strong evidenc e for the intermolecular interactions pattern. In the fingerprint region (Fig. 3.1.9.3), Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (15.9%) interactions are represented by a spike in the bottom area whereas the Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (14.5%) interactions are represented by a spike in the top left region. Hydrogen-hydrogen interactions Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (31.7%) are very high while compared to the other bonding interactions. Sharp curved spike at the bottom left area indicates the Oà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Li (3.6%) and top left corner with curved spike indicates the Lià ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢O (3.5%). The finger print at the bottom right area represents Cà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢H (11.7%) interactions and top right area represents Hà ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ â„ ¢C (8.7%) interactions. The number of interactions in terms of percent age are represented in a pie chart in Fig. 3.1.9.2. Fig.3.1.9.1. Hirshfeld surface analysis of PLHP (a) dnorm (b) shape index (c) de (d) di Fig. 3.1.9.2. Relative contribution of various intermolecular interactions in PLHP Fig. 3.1.9.3. Fingerprint plots of PLHP 1
Sunday, January 19, 2020
The Rumba Dance Essay examples -- Afro-Cuban, Cuba
The rumba is a dance that rivets its image on the mind. Holding much history, it has been and is a dance of oppositions: love and hate, hostility and harmony, sensuality and prudence. Musically, it taps into the realms of technicality and improvisation. The dance and music is a marvel, leaving a lusty taste in its trail so that a natural tendency towards it never fades. The origins of the rumba stem from Africa. The steps and song of traditional rumba may have begun as remembered pieces of dance from the Ganga or Kisi people in Cuba, generalized groups of West Central African descent. Some prospect that the Sara peoples of northern Nigeria are the originators of rumba, a similar dance is of rows of boys in front of rows of girls, approaching one another in movement and then separating. In present-day Zaire, a traditional BaKongo dance called vane samba appears to directly link to rumba’s progenitors. A characteristic highlight occurs when the bodies of a dancing pair meet, or almost meet at the navel. This movement mirrors the rumba’s vacunao, a prominent feature in some forms of rumba. The name rumba possibly derives from the Spanish language, the word rumbo translates to route, rumba translates to heap pile, and rum is of course the liquor popular in the Caribbean. Any of these words might have been used descriptively when the dance was being formed. The name has most often been claimed to be derived from the Spanish word for carousel, or festival. Rumba developed in the 1850s and 1860s among free black slaves gathered to express their struggles with one another. Following the abolition of slavery in Cuba in 1886, poor Cubans dealt with a society still emphasizing color and class, by... ...national dance. As a native Afro-Cuban simply put, â€Å"This will never die. Nothing can stop it†(Farr 80). Works Cited Pà ©rez Jr., Louis A. On Becoming Cuban. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Daniel, Yvonne. Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Farr, Jory. Rites of Rhythm. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. Shepherd, Verene A., and Hilary McD. Beckles., ed Caribbean slavery in the Atlantic world. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, Oxford: James Currey, Princeton, NJ: M. Weiner, 2000. Moore, Robin Dale. Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1935. Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9534899. Roy, Maya. Cuban Music. Trans. Denise Asfar and Gabriel Asfar. London: Latin America Bureau, 2002.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Blood Diamonds Essay
Blood, conflict, illicit, diamonds – the issue has gone global and the world became aware that the innocent girl’s best friend has been tainted by blood and become the worst nightmare for people, including children in some parts of the globe. They call them conflict diamonds because for the past several years the shiny gem has fuelled wars in conflict ridden countries in Africa. According to sources, these diamonds often originate from territories under the control of rebel groups. The profit in selling these diamonds is used to buy small arms and munitions that are used to fight the wars for liberation. They call them blood diamonds because of all the bloodshed the diamonds have caused, because through these diamonds, wars are being fuelled, men women and children get killed, and slavery has found nesting places. Partnership Africa Canada reports that â€Å"upwards of 50,000 [have been] killed, half the population displaced, and more than two-thirds of its already severely limited infrastructure destroyed. †Mining the Diamonds Rebel groups such as the RUF of Sierra Leone and UNITA of Angola, in order to mine blood diamonds enslave civilians in mining camps. They are treated as prisoners and are not paid for their services. What is shocking is that most of these miners are children. The worst of all is that aside from being used as miners, these children are being forced to become soldiers too. Young girls are being raped into submission, while young boys are forced to carry guns and kill elders in order to psychologically control them. Drugs are also being used. Once the children become hooked up to it, their dependence on it will equate to their loyalty to the movement. The rough diamonds that are mined are then sold into the black market. Struggling for Social Justice After the world has become witness to the horrors of the mining camps in Africa, a lot of activities have gone through. Celebrities, Organizations, special interest groups – all want to be involved in fighting the war against blood diamonds. In 2000, the World Diamond Congress adopted the Kimberly Process, which is mainly a system of tracing whether a diamond being sold in the market is not a conflict diamond or not. Groups such as Amnesty USA and Stopblood diamonds. org have posted blogspots in the net to keep the bigger part of the globe aware and updated regarding the issue. The Belgian government has been very keen on its local diamond dealers. At blooddiamonds. com, the organized efforts of the Belgian government can be seen. Even celebrities have joined the cause. Leonard de Caprio starred in the movie Blood Diamond in order to reach the pop culture. Kanye West’s song ‘Blood diamond’ shows his own self conflict with the diamonds. In the line â€Å"See a part of me say keep shinin? ’ How when I know what a blood diamond is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The music video of this song also shows how children are forced to mine the rough diamonds in small dimly lit caves. These and all other efforts are forms mentioned are forms of activism. Whether through the net, newspaper, Hollywood movies, songs, and documentaries, these conscious efforts to actively participate in the struggle to expose and eradicate the conflict diamonds are all forms of activism. Activism as a Solution Activism takes many forms. Different social injustices often require different form of fighting. The blood diamonds in Africa have had activists use the radio, television, news paper and the internet in its struggle. But aside from these forms, it may also be useful to look into other ways that other political activists have used. One example of which are the Yes Men. They use guerilla performances and impersonate big corporations. Through their media hoaxing and socio political pranks, the group has humiliated the big corporations and the new masters of the world, thus exposing them to the masses. Once in a Wharton Business School Conference, they posed as representatives of the World Trade Organization, and announced that WTO proposes â€Å"full private stewardry of labor†in Africa. This means formal slavery of laborers by private organizations. One Yesmen member posing as Hanniford Schmidt addressed that â€Å"This is what free trade is all about†¦It’s about freedom to buy and sell everything, even people. †Clearly these are not what we read in books or what the media reports when they talk about the WTO. But through the guerilla tactics of posing as real representatives of big corporations and significant political players, the Yesmen expose these people and in a way educate the masses of the sad realities that happen. Another activist worthy of looking at is award winning journalist Naomi Klein. Her book â€Å"The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism†, critiques globalization and new age capitalism and how these cause social injustices in the world. These two activists that battle it out with the mammoths of politics and business allows the world to look into a deeper level about what is behind the social injustices that plague the world. Aside from directly battling the issue of conflict diamonds, the bigger issue can be brought up which cause these more specific social injustices. These activists trace the root of the problem as to why injustices happen throughout the world, especially in third world countries. African countries aren’t poor because they are simply poor. What are the causes of these phenomenons? Marx’s dialectical materialism urges the people to engage in knowing the truths through investigating the objective conditions and identifying the roots that cause events. If there are political conflicts in Africa, what then causes these? If there are no conflicts, then there would be no need for blood diamonds in the first place; outside of the mining camps and warlords running these camps, who else are involved in the blood diamond business? Clearly, there has to be buyers of rough diamonds. Aren’t these buyers the big corporations that polish and sell the end product diamonds? Another thing we can learn about Marx is his critique on capitalism in the Communist Manifesto. He urges the masses to join in the revolution of overthrowing the current socioeconomic structure because it is a necessity for this structure is no longer suitable to our generation. Capitalism has brought about new social classes that will always be in conflict with each other. Capitalism does not balance the equation of labor and production. If labor is equal to the end product, then a laborer should be entitled to the total profit of his labor. But through capitalism, the owner of the capital has a cut in the final profit therefore, diminishing the returns to the laborer. Most of the times, the laborers are even abused. According to Marx this equation will never be balanced out unless the capitalist is eradicated and the management of the distribution of labor and wealth be done in a collective manner. The capitalists in the blood diamond trade are the root causes of the social injustice and through education of the masses this would help in bringing down this injustice. The Numbers Different organizations report different numbers on the amount of conflict diamonds that enter the market. According to worldfacts. org, only 1% now remains. But if the independent blog spots sponsored by activists groups, there is still a big 15% that remains. Washington post acknowledges that these two numbers may both be true, it just depends on the definition of what conflict diamonds are. But the sad fact remains that may it be 15 or 1, still, there is that percentage which means conflict diamonds are still being mined and that somewhere, in a dimly lit cave in Africa, blood is being used to fuel the laborers that fuel the unending conflicts that plague their nations. Another sad irony is that these diamond mining companies are among the poorest in the world. From here we ask the question, where then does the profit from these precious gems go? Clearly not to the hands that dug them from the earth. References Afanansyev V. G. (1987). Historical Materialism. International Publishers. Brown, P. P. (December 13, 2005). Blood Diamonds. Retrieved on May 17, 2009 from http://www. worldpress. org/Africa/2193. cfm Conflictdiamonds. com. (2005). Progress Reports. Retrieved on May 17, 2009, from http://www. conflictdiamonds. com/pages/reports Diamondfacts. org. Diamond Facts. Retrieved May 17, 2009 from http://www. diamondfacts. org Duke, L. (2006). Blood Diamonds, A River or a Droplet?. Retrieved May 17, 2009 from Washingtonpost. com History Channel. (2006) Blood Diamonds. Retrieved on May 17, 2009, from www. history. com/thc_Blood _diamonds_pressrelease. pdf Marx, Karl. (1888). The Communist Manifesto. Naomiklein. org. (2007). About Naomi Klein. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http://www. naomiklein. org/meet-naomi The Yesmen. (June 2007). WTO Proposes Slavery for Afirca. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from http://theyesmen. org/en/hijinks/wharton. UnitedNations. (march 21, 2001). Conflict Diamonds : Sanctions and War. Retrieved May 17, 2009, from www. un. org.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Faith Vs. Fanaticism - 1774 Words
Formal Paper #1: Faith vs. Fanaticism The story of Genesis 22 is a famous example of a test of faith. In this story, Abraham is instructed by God to offer his son Isaac an offering. In the end of the story, an angel stops Abraham and he is rewarded with many descendants for his display of faith. Many people today have taken this story too literally. There have been several reports of parents harming their children in the name of God. These modern-day acts of attempted homicide are not acts of faith but acts of fanaticism. Genesis 22 was intended to be a story about a trial of faith. God promised Abraham that if he had faith in Him, he would be provided a son. Abraham was doubtful of God’s promise and wondered â€Å"Can a child be born to a†¦show more content†¦God is pleased with Abraham’s dedication to Him and tells Abraham â€Å"I will indeed bless you and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore †(Gen. 22:17). Abraham was able to meet his ultimate concern through God. God wanted to be sure that Abraham was worthy of ultimate fulfillment so He tested his faith and, after He was satisfied, gave Abraham ultimate fulfillment. As Paul Tillich stated in Dynamics of Faith â€Å"â€Å"In true faith, the ultimate concern is a concern about the truly ultimate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (13). To the deeply religious nothing is more ultimate than God. In the past few years, people have taken this story too literally. A woman from Montgomery was recently imprisoned for attempting homicide on her three daughters. She believed that her children needed to be pure to because â€Å"her husband, Vaughn Christensen, had left messages on the phone telling his wife that the world was ending and that she needed to prepare the family to meet Jesus†(Wurst 2014). This story differs from Genesis because the woman not only actually harmed her children, but was never contacted by God in the first place. She acted on her based on her own thoughts and the words of her husband. God did not intervene in this crime because he was not involved in any way with this woman. Because of this woman’s fantasy that the world was ending three children were severely injured and probably emotionally damaged for life. Their own motherShow MoreRelatedGothic Horror : The Epic Battle Of Good Versus Evil2409 Words  | 10 Pagesun-earthly and nonreligious and is against the power of Christ. Dracula is also a strong connection to religion. He wasn’t always evil. In reference to religion MacArthur says â€Å"When fanaticism and religion are mixed, we have a very potent and dangerous brew that can sustain itself for centuries unlike non-religious fanaticisms like Nazism and Communism which die out when the ringleaders are defeated. 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In short, it seems that we need to see it asRead MoreThe Scopes Monkey Trial: Trial of the 20th Century Essay1907 Words  | 8 Pagesfarce. The convictions involved were too deep-rooted, too passionately held.†– Marcet Haldeman- Julius America in search of normalcy after World War I, caused an increase of fundamentalists in rural United States, looking for stability in faith. The Christian Right Mobilization, formed during this time, moved to influence public education, as modernist views began to become more popular. In an attempt to prevent that from happening, John Washington Butler introduced the Anti-Evolution StatuteRead MorePre Ap World History : The Crusades2814 Words  | 12 Pagesthe crusaders force was around 25,000 and there were probably a lot more than that. There could have been 100,000s of crusaders. 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The ChurchRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words  | 57 Pagesabout things hypothetically. It involves asking and answering the question, what if...?. †¢ Developing abstract thinking skills. Abstract thinking means thinking about things that cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Examples include things like faith, trust, beliefs and spirituality. †¢ Developing the ability to think about thinking in a process known as meta-cognition. Meta-cognition allows individuals to think about how they feel and what they are thinking. It involves being able to thinkRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words  | 57 Pagesabout things hypothetically. It involves asking and answering the question, what if...?. †¢ Developing abstract thinking skills. Abstract thinking means thinking about things that cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Examples include things like faith, trust, beliefs and spirituality. †¢ Developing the ability to think about thinking in a process known as meta-cognition. Meta-cognition allows individuals to think about how they feel and what they are thinking. It involves being able to thinkRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words  | 316 Pagesmaterial, a photograph of the real world. Only by montage can one pass from photography to cinema, from slavish copy to art. Broadly defined, montage is quite simply inseparable from the composition of the work itself. 4 For the modern reader, a fanaticism, as it must indeed be called, of montage emerges from Eisenstein s great theoretical works, Film Form and The Film Sense. Micha rightly observes that, obsessed by that single idea, the Soviet film-maker saw montage everywhere and extended its boundaries
Thursday, December 26, 2019
Design Management And Modern Project Management Essay
Introduction Project management is ovary found in many scenarios. It is a universal practice that comprises few basic concepts. In essence, every project in the world will require project management. Project management has different sides and variations. Nonetheless, the basic principles are the same for the different varieties. It is important to note that each variation has unique features. These features are used to address unique problems and conditions as specified by each domain. Two types of project management exist. The two are traditional project management and modern project management. Traditional project management The traditional project management method is widely known for the use of orthodox approaches and techniques in management. The methods have been in practice for decades. The long existence of the model stipulates that they are favorable for most domains. Even so, the evolution of technology and business models called for a change in managing projects. The traditional project management is best defined as a process or a set of factors used as tools (Furukawa, 2016). The tools are used to model an activity with the aim of seeking an end product, outcome or service. The methodology is established for running projects following a subsequent cycle (Mun Yoon, 2016). There are several steps involved in executing the process. These measures include initiation, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling. For each of these factors mentioned, there areShow MoreRelatedLetter Of Motivation And Statement Of Purpose Essay1462 Words  | 6 Pagesenclosed in this this application. Just before my National Youth Service, I proceeded for a project management training at Piston Fusion Institute, afterwards obtained Health, Safety Environment training at Joint Professionals Training Support Institute. I have worked as a studio/design architect at Archidimz + C.Pm for three years and as a site/project architect for three years at Archplus Designs Ltd. In the course of discharging my duties, I realized that I need more knowledge to be ableRead MoreCp Lab Report1016 Words  | 5 Pagesmethodology. As a Linux/Infrastructure Engineer my first project was to Jenkins installation on AWS. Jenkins is an open source automation DevOps tool written in java. Jenkins helps to automate the non-human part of software development process, with continuous integration and facilitating technical aspect of continuous delivery(CD). During this project I setup one master node and two Jenkins slave nodes for CI and CD. I create one project on it and I used git for code our development team submitRead MoreProject Management Team For Developing The Automated System For Grand Acres Golf Course1260 Words  | 6 Pagesmethodologies for project management are still vastly used today. In this paper, I will discuss the two development methodologies, the traditional development methodology (Waterfall) and the modern development methodology (Agile, Iterative) in great detail to examine which development methodology of the two mentioned should be opted and be favorable for the project management team for developing the automated system for Grand Acres Golf Course. Key Words: Traditional methodology, Modern methodology, AgileRead MoreSystems Analysis Design And Project Management Individual Assignment1371 Words  | 6 Pages Systems analysis design and project management Individual Assignment Raad Alteimeh University of North Alabama CIS 625-I03 Enterprise Systems Analysis Design Professor David Nickels System analysis and design Information system analysis and design is a complex, challenging, and stimulating organizational process that a team of business and systems professionals uses to develop and maintain computer-based information systems (Valacich, J. S., George, J. F. (2017). It is a process thatRead MoreProject Manager : Mgt609 Team H. Business Need1208 Words  | 5 PagesProject Scope: Project Manager: MGT609 Team H Business Need: The original Yankee stadium was constructed at its present site in 1923. Over the past 82 years, the stadium had undergone several expansions and renovations. The most extensive improvements were made approximately 30 years ago when the stadium was almost completely demolished. In the course of recent years, the stadium had experienced a few developments and redesigns. The most broad changes were made roughly 30 years back when the stadiumRead MoreChanges And Development Of Project Management999 Words  | 4 PagesChanges in Project Management Abstract This report discusses changes in project management in today’s world of ‘internet time’ and dominance of ‘time-to-market. It also lays emphasis on alternative development methodologies instead of traditional methodologies which should be adapted in order to prosper in today’s tempestuous environment. In this modern world, business needs are changing at a fast pace and to confront these changes new and advanced development methodologies should be practiced forRead MoreRole Of Project Management On Restaurant Development981 Words  | 4 PagesRole of Project Management in Restaurant Development Opening a restaurant is not a simple process. There are various checklists that needs to be gathered first. Once all the checklists are available, selection process will begin. At that period various options needs to be eliminated and potential options should be kept. Project management plays an important role to ensure the available options are implemented within a budget and estimated timeframe. According to Fabris (2014), space design, vendorRead MoreA Troubled Project at Modern Materials Inc1066 Words  | 5 PagesA Troubled Project at Modern Materials, Inc. A Review of the Literature Makeba N Clark Regis University Author Note This Paper Was Prepared For MSCC 610 Taught by Charles Thies A TROUBLED PROJECT AT MODERN MATERIALS Abstract In 1991 through mergers and acquisitions Modern Materials, Inc. was established. They manufacture product that are used as raw materials by large manufacturing companies and the construction industry. After the merger in 1994 in an effort to retain bothRead MoreRisk Management : The Technology Intensive Organizations Essay796 Words  | 4 PagesRisk management: The technology intensive organizations using the analysis approach to forecast risk associated with tasks and process that used for producing goods and services. This kind of approach and management practices helping organization to maintain the proper workflow by considering the risk factors. In addition to this, manager are using schedule compression analysis to evaluate the key barriers and develop plan to achieve objective more efficient manner. Traditional management approachRead MoreQuestion 1. . Question 2. Middleware Definition . Software1196 Words  | 5 Pages Middleware is a piece of software that connects various software components or applications so they can exchange data easily. It includes web servers, application servers, content management systems, and similar tools that support application development and application delivery. It is especially integral to modern information technology based on XML, SOAP, Web services, and service-oriented architecture. Middleware Examples: Android The Android operating system uses the Linux kernel at its core
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Changing Family Patterns And Family Life Essay - 1502 Words
What is family? This is a question that the United States government has had to define and redefine on a regular basis. Are two women living together? Is a man living alone with his son a family? A single teenage mom? Siblings living together? A husband and wife with no children? Roommates who are living with each other but only have a monetary and living space connection? What do we define as a family? Is the legal definition of a family the same as a single person’s definition of family? We consider an adopted child to be part of a family, but only after a lengthy legal process that can tear families apart in the process. The definition of family is ever changing and ever evolving. From Kathleen Gerson and Stacy Torres essay Changing Family Patterns and Family Life, Katherine Schulten’s article on the changing definitions of family, Arlie Russell Hochschild’s The Second Shift, and The American Family by Stephanie Koontz, all have different definitions of family . The definition of family, being defined as those adopted, those blood related, related by marriage, or by similar traditions and values, changes from century to century and person to person. The family is defined as a group of people who are very close emotionally to each other, often having lived together for a long time and have shared values and traditions, but also a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household, which is designed to be suitable for children as well as adults.Show MoreRelatedFamily health assessment1382 Words  | 6 Pagesï » ¿ Family Health Assessment Grand Canyon University: NRS-429 November 24, 2013 Family Health Assessment As nurses it is essential to use appropriate tools to assess individuals, families, and communities. Throughout this paper the writer used The Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns as a guide to assess a family. This family included a mother, a father, one son, four daughters, and two grandsons. The writer developed two to three open minded, family focused questions forRead MoreMaintaining Family Ties Essay1074 Words  | 5 Pagesï » ¿Maintaining family ties As you read this chapter, you may find yourself looking for some magic formula, some specific set of communication patterns or skills that will enable you family to reach the zenith of family life. You should know by now that you won’t encounter any such formula in this book. The interpersonal communication patterns that leat to success or failure are many, and their creation and variety should by a source of celebration as much as sorrow.in fact many family therapists andRead MoreMy Family As An Integral Part Of Daily Living818 Words  | 4 PagesMy family created meaning in the world they lived through spiritual means. For my family, purpose in life is based chiefly on spiritual affiliations and religious interactions in the church among Christians. That is to say, for my family, spirituality and faith in God are what gave purpose to life. Principles and practices of faith were an integral part of daily living. Life has a purpose when one serves God by doing His will. Pr inciples included loving others, being kind, helping those in need,Read MoreHow A Family Is Defined In Australian Context Essay1050 Words  | 5 PagesA family is typically defined as â€Å"any of our immediate social groups within which we feel a strong sense of friendship, bonding or belonging.†In the Australian context, this is essentially true. A family in the Australian context is more than just â€Å"Mum, Dad and the two kids,†but is the people you are or feel closely related to. As well as this, a family must be made up of more than one person. In the Australian context families normally live together, so for the rest of this folio I will be assumingRead MoreEssay on Changing Work Patterns1336 Words  | 6 PagesChanging Work Patterns If the workplace of today could be characterized by a single theme, it would most likely focus on the continual presence of change. Dramatic changes in technology, the marketplace and the workforce have compelled organizations to re-evaluate not only the competitiveness of their products, but also the core ways in which work is performed. It is out of this pursuit for continued survival that organizations have been faced with the notion of varying work-schedules beyond theRead MoreThe Changing Patterns Of Education And Youth Labor Market1061 Words  | 5 Pagesthey were 20 years ago. Many of these changes are direct results of labor-market restructuring, workplace reorganizations, and changing educational demand†(Lehmann 2004, 380). The changing patterns of education and youth labor market also accounts for this increase. Changes to the economy and the skills necessary to enter the labor force have changed not only the patterns of education but also the trajectories of young adults during and after education. This transition is increasingly difficultRead MoreMedia Use and Media Consumption in the Home Environment Essay1472 Words  | 6 Pagesincreased media research into consumption in an everyday context, addressing the domestic, the family and its contribution to daily life. The importance can be displayed through the centrality of the position of the television and how the arrangement of a living room is commonly based around this. According to David Morely (1986) patterns of television consumption can only be understood through the context of ‘family leisure activity’ (Schroder, Drotner, Kline, Murray, 2003: 8). Therefore in order to discussRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1375 Words  | 6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Using Gordon’s functional health patterns to assess a family will guide the nurse in developing a comprehensive nursing assessment that is holistic in nature. Gordon’s functional health patterns are founded on 11 principles that are incorporated within the nursing practice. These 11 principles serve as a framework for a thorough nursing assessment in which to build a holistic and individual family care plan (Grand Canyon University, 2011). The author has developed family-focusedRead MoreEssay about The Modern Canadian Family1690 Words  | 7 PagesThe Canadian family has been changing drastically over the 20th century. The definition of family has changed, along with the functions of families. Many modern families have veered from what we once considered the tradition family. This essay will discuss the different types of newly developed families, and some factors contributing to this change. Same-sex couples are increasing among families. In 2001, the definition of census family was changed to incorporate same-sex couples whom live inRead MoreQuestions and Answers on Family Therapy Techniques735 Words  | 3 PagesSalvador Minuchin, believes that problems that the individuals evidence stem from the fact that problems occur within the family unit itself and that the family is divided into several component parts. To address these problems the therapist, as it were, therefore steps into he family unit, becomes a part of it and intervenes. His doing so not only enables him to see the family patterns form the inside; thereby understanding faults of fission but also enable him to practice therapy. 2) One paragraph
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Hyperlipidemia and Specifically Hypercholesterolemia
Question: Describe about the Hyperlipidemia and Specifically Hypercholesterolemia? Answer: AhR In the case of hyperlipidemia and specifically hypercholesterolemia it has been associated to some the specific receptor or ligands and AhR is referred as Aryl hydrocarbon receptor that acts as a ligand to cause hyperlipidemia (Wu et al., 2011) ApoE-/- Apolipoprotein E is the lipoprotein that is produced by liver and macrophages and is a key player in cholesterol metabolism by mediating in catabolism of triglyceride lipoproteins. In the present study ApoE-/- knock-out mice has been selected lacking ApoE protein and it has validated that AhR induces atherosclerosis by vascular inflammation in used murine model (Boring et al., 1998) CH223191 In the study CH223191 is an AhR antagonist and has been administered 24 h before TCDD and is known to overcome the toxic effect of TCDD in liver in vivo. CH223191 treated mice and TCDD mice were compared and found that CH223191 reduces cholesterol accumulation and formation of atherosclerosis lesion formation. CSE It indicates for cigarette smoke extract and is an AhR activator. In present study it increases the expression of MCP-1, IL-8,CXCL-5 and MMP-12 in U937 monocyte cells. It is also known to induce expression VEGF and stimulates cholesterol accumulation (Erin et al., 2015). CXCR2 It is a GPCR (G-protein coupe receptor) that mediates in the chemotaxis and is known to play a key role in immune response including atherosclerosis by mediating in macrophage accumulation in lesion formation stage.CXCR2 is express in macrophage, monocytes and neutrophils and binds to several chemokine like IL-8 (CXCL8), Gro- (CXCL1). Activation of this receptor promotes angiogenesis enhances the monocyte-endothelial adhesion by enhancing VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) expression (Erin et al, 2015). CYP1A1 It is known as cytochrome P450 1A1 and as referred as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. When TCDD binds to AhR and migrates to nucleus its forms the heterodimer with the help of Aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator. CYP1A1 possess a DNA binding region known as Doxin response elements (DREs) and leads to changes in gene expression and signals for toxic and biochemical responses (Chang et al., 2012) IL-8 It acts as a contributing factor for artherosclerosis as it palys a vital role in the pathogensis of vascular disease. IL-8 is affiliated to macrophages and in artheroclerotic tissue it leads to the induction of foam cells with oxidised LDL. In the present study it has shown that TDCC induces the expression of IL-8 and induces neutrophil against macrophage mediated inflammation in artherosclerosis. INCB3344 It is a CCR2 inhibitor and is an antagonist of CCR2 receptor and it induces the signal for kinase phosphorylation and chemotaxis by inhibiting CCL2 mediated functional responses.in the present study it has been shown that INCB3344 does not decrease the accumulation of alcohol. MCP-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) is chemokine that is known to mediate the chemotaxis of monocytes. CCR-2 acts as a receptor for MCP-1 and in present study it has been shown that TCDD increase the expression of MCP-1 that decrease the expression of inflammatory genes. MMP-12 It is an indicator of activated macrophages and foam cells and is a marker for foam cells. In the present study it has been shown that MMP-12 is involved in the progression of artherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. MNF It is an AhR anatagonist and in the present study it has shown that specific TCDD gene supress the expression of MNF hence it is not able to inhibit the expression of artherosclerotic lesion. SB225002 It is a selective CXCR2 antagonist and prevents IL-8 dependent chemotaxis. In the present study it was found that SB225002 blocks CSE and TCDD induced cholesterol accumulation that reduces the formation of aortic plaque. TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) activates the AhR induced inflammatory signals that leads to the formation of foam cells. In the present study the exact mechanism involved in artheroclerotic lesion formation was elucidated and was found that there was TCDD dependent progression of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice. U937 In the present study U937 was monocytic cell line which was used to assess the cell differentiation, small transient RNA transfection and it work as an in vitro model for cholesterol accumulation. VEGF It is a vascular endothelial growth factor which acts as a down-stream target for CCXCR2 as it is expressed after activation of chemokine that induces monocyte epithelial adhesion molecule and increase the expression of VEGF as signal for artherogenesis. Why was the above data set included in the paper? What does it demonstrate? What is scramble? The present result is expression of IL-8 and Ahr mRNA in U-937 cell after gene silencing. Total RNA was designed after post transfection (48 h) with either a scrambled siRNA or a specific siRNA targeted. Here scrambled RNA refers to the negative control. The result indicates that AhR induces vascular inflammation and stimulates IL-8 for the progression of artherosclerotic lesion Bay 11-7082 It is known to prevent nuclear factor (NF- ) by activating I phosphorylation and inhibits ERK. In the present study it was demonstrated that TCDD stimulation for IL-1 depends upon the NF- . CCR2 It is a receptor for MCP-1 and mediates in monocyte chemotaxis and it contributes in the development of atherosclerosis plaques by AhR activation. CXCR3 It is a receptor known to be present on synovial cells. In the present study it was used to semonstrate the level of AhR in synovial cells. ERK It is an extracellular receptor kinase and it is known to be involeved in AhR-TCDD mediated IL-1 expression. IL-6 In the present study TCDD stimulates the expression of IL-6 by binding to AhR and transmitted by NF- and ERK signalling pathways. IL-8 It is a cytokine produced by epithelial cells and macrophages. In the present study it was demonstrated that TCDD up-regulates the expression IL-8 in synocyte cells. Infliximab It is an anti TNF- antibody and it abolishes the TNF induced AhR expression. MMP3 In the present study the expression MMP3 protein is upregulated following TCDD induced AhR activation. NF It is nuclear factor that control the transcription of DNA. In the present study it was concluded that TCDD stimulates IL-1 is mediated by NF and RRK signalling cascade. -NP it is an nuclear protein that is vital in cell cycle progression. TNF- It is a tumor necrotic factor which is majorly involve in inflammation and with involvement of several cytokine it forms acute phase reaction. In the present study it was reported that AhR expression in synovial cell increases TNF- expression (Evans et al,.2014). U0126 It is an ERK pathway inhibitor and it decreases TCDD induced IL-1 expression in the sudy. Correct description of data Effect of GNF351 is in dose dependent manner as it down-regulates the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2. I found TNF- as most challenging as it is the key player in regulating the inflammation not only in artherosclerosis but it is also involved in pollutant or metal induced oxidative stress and been major contributes factor in various type of cancers. References Boring, L., Gosling, J., Cleary, M., Charo, I. F. (1998). Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature.394:894897. Chang, Y., Z., Lin, H. C., Chan, S. T., Yeh, S. L. (2012). Effects of quercetin metabolites on the enhancing effect of -carotene on DNA damage and cytochrome P1A1/2 expression in benzo[a]pyrene-exposed A549 cells. Food Chemistry. 133(2):445-450 Erin, N., Nizam, E., Tanrover, G., Koksoy, S. (2015). Autocrine control of MIP-2 secretion from metastatic breast cancer cells is mediated by CXCR2: a mechanism for possible resistance to CXCR2 antagonists. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. (In press) Evans, H. G., Roostalu, U., Walter, G. J., Gullick, N. J., Frederiksen, K. S., Roberts, C. A., Sumner, J., Baeten, D. L., Gerwien, J. G., Cope, A. P., Geissmann, F., Kirkham, B. W., Taams, L. S. (2014). TNF- blockade induces IL-10 expression in human CD4+ T cells. Nature Communication. 5:3199 Kobayashi, S., Okamoto, H., Iwamoto, T., Toyama, Y., Tomatsu, T., Yamanaka, H., Momohara, S. (2008). A role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the dioxin TCDD in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology . 47(9):1317-22 Lahoti, T. S., Hughes, J. M., Kusnadi, A., John, K., Zhu, B., Murray, I. A., Gowda, K., Peters, J. M., Amin, S. G., Perdew, G. H. (2014). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism attenuates growth factor expression, proliferation, and migration in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Pharmacology Experiment and Therapy. 348(2):236-245 Wu, D., Nishimura, N., Kuo, V., Fiehn, O., Shahbaz, S., Van Winkle, L., Matsumura, F., Vogel, C. F. (2011). Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces vascular inflammation and promotes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/- mice. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vascular Biology. 31(6):1260-1267
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